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IP Rating: What is it exactly and what does it mean?

May 28, 2021

If you’ve bought any kind of consumer electronics lately, you’ve probably seen or heard it has a certain IP Rating . You’re also likely aware that it has something to do with how durable the device is and if it can be dropped in a toilet or not without combusting. While you aren’t far off, there’s a little more that goes into IP Ratings and it’s important to take a closer look. Not all electronic devices need the highest IP Rating to be a good solution for you. We’ve done the dirty work of condensing down everything you need to know (including a full color chart!) so you can make the best decisions regarding your next purchase AND impress all your friends along the way. 

What does IP stand for anyway?

First (and trust us, it’s best this way), let’s just get the Nerd Facts out of the way. IP stands for “Ingress Protection”. If you or a relative have ever preferred an “initials only” nickname, you understand why not too many people go around referencing the “level of ingress your device is protected against”. It’s simply not as smooth or cool sounding as “IP”. What is important to note though is that ingress refers to the act of going in or entering. It’s often paired with its opposite action of egress, or the act of leaving or exiting. While ingress and egress are not as commonplace as they once were, their cousins certainly are much more well known. For example, you certainly wouldn’t want your vocabulary to regress, or move into a worse or lessened state, simply because certain words aren’t used as often as others. And it’s much more difficult to discuss those occasions where we’ve transgressed, or went over or past a known limit. It’s easier to focus on progress, or the act of moving forward. Funny enough, tigress and ogress are not related in any way to these others, hold that their aggression, aka hostile behavior or actions towards someone else, is intimidating enough to keep them in the discussion. But before we digress, or temporarily move away from the main topic, there is one last idea to think about. If Pro is the opposite of Con, what is the opposite of progress?

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IP Rating Chart
phone ingress
OK, OK, back on track. Now that the idea of “ingress” has been covered, we can take a look at what it means for consumer electronics. For electronic devices, things that can get inside (ingress) and potentially damage the unit are broken down into two basic categories: Solids and Liquids. Solids are also referred to as Foreign Bodies and include dust, dirt, physical objects such as wires, and hands/fingers. Liquids almost exclusively refer to some type of interaction with water, whether through spray, immersion, rain, or humidity. Technically, any liquid that attempts to enter (or ingress, now that you’re a professional at this) the device falls into this category. For example, studies have shown that if you manage not to spill your fourth glass wine all over your cell phone, the probability is high that you will drop said phone in the toilet later in that same evening. This study shows just how often that occurs. Facts is facts folks, so please careful, especially those of you reading this article while in the bathroom. Meanwhile, because of the myriad of ways a solid or liquid could enter an electronic device, IP Ratings help us determine what level of protection the device has and how careful we need to be when operating it. 

First IP Number: Solids

The first digit of the IP Rating is the Solids category and is broken down into six levels conveniently numbered 1-6. As the number increases, the size of the particle that is prevented from ingress decreases. In other words, the higher the number, the more protection from particles of ranging sizes. Ratings 1-4 are focused on more everyday items, such as fingers or wire, which all greater than 1mm in any single dimension. Ratings 5-6 take a slightly different approach, because it considers anything less than 1mm to be “dust”. However, dust can include things like hair or sand, which have very different effects on the electronic display. Hair may be soft, but it’s a great conductor of static electricity. Sand, on the other hand (you’re welcome for using a rhyming pun that works), is much harder and corrosive, yet it doesn’t bother with static because it’s an insulator. Time of exposure also comes into play here, because unlike an assault from a screwdriver, dust is considered to be an ever-present factor. This is why for an IP Rating of 5, some dust ingress is actually permissible after 2-8 hours of exposure while an IP Rating of 6 is equivalent to zero ingress of dust (or fully dust-proof) in that same amount of time. Most personal devices today carry an IP Rating of 6X (65,67, etc.), it’s become a widely achievable and accepted standard by most manufacturers. 
IP Number Solids

Second IP Number: Liquids

The second digit of the IP Rating is the Liquids category. This the one that gets the most excitement from consumers, especially those members of the "Potty Droppers Party". This part of the rating is broken down into 8 different levels and once again, conveniently numbered 1-8. There are more nuanced differences between levels 1-7, in terms of how water can potentially enter the device and at which point some ingress is acceptable, but that distinction is for a different day. Instead this time, we’ll work backwards – and not just because we can. An IP Rating of X8 (48,58, etc.) would mean that the device is fully “waterproof”, or protected against all kinds of ingress from water, including immersion, when exposed for long periods of time. Only Level 8 offers such protection and more, it is a highly coveted rating for those devices that can achieve it. From there, a rating of X7 is considered water “resistant” and can withstand immersion of water for specific periods of time, but not indefinitely. Ratings 5 and 6 cover water that is forcefully sprayed at a device, while 1-4 focus on exposure to weather (rain) and incidental splashes. Ratings 1-7 have exceptions for some water to ingress, and will include conditions such as, “but not in harmful quantities.” This shows you just how difficult it is to prevent a liquid from ingress. These categories wouldn’t exist otherwise, and you would have either a YES or NO selection to answer the question, “Can it get wet”? It is important to acknowledge that depending on how you want to use your device or the level of protection you may add to it after purchase, it’s OK to own a device that isn’t technically “waterproof”. Besides, there are other challenges to achieving an IP 68 Rating that sometimes limit the internal technology. The IP Rating can have a direct influence on the overall product design of the electronics and it isn’t ice’s performance.

IP Number Liquid

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